Thomas Claxton (about 1790 - 17 October 1813) was an officer in the United States Navy during the War of 1812.

Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Claxton entered the Navy as a midshipman on 17 December 1810. He was mortally wounded in the War of 1812 after gallant service during the Battle of Lake Erie which took place 10 September 1813. He died of his wounds at Erie, Pennsylvania on 17 October 1813.

Two ships, USS Claxton, have been named for him.