Rudolf I of Habsburg (Czech: Rudolf I. Habsburský; 1281 - 3/4 July 1307, Horažďovice in Bohemia) was a king of Bohemia (1306-1307) and duke of Austria (as Rudolph III).

The son of Albert I, King of the Romans, Rudolf was in 1306 presented as a rival claimant to the Bohemian throne against Henry of Carinthia. Albert had Rudolf married to Pryska of Gniezno, widow of Wenceslas II of Bohemia (1278-1305) and in 1306 occupied Prague to place Rudolf on the Czech throne.

As some Czech nobles continued to hold out for Henry of Carinthia, Rudolf besieged the rebel fortress of Horažďovice, but got ill of dysentery and died there in 1307. The Czech nobles then restored Henry of Carinthia as king in return for a charter of privileges.