Defense mechanism.
In psychoanalytic theory, a defence mechanism is an unconscious way to protect one's personality from unpleasant thoughts which may otherwise cause anxiety. This can work well in small doses. However, a defence mechanism can also lead to a neurosis if it causes a person to adopt ineffectual or inappropriate coping strategies.
Examples of defence mechanisms include:
- Displacement. Redirecting emotion from a 'dangerous' object to a 'safe' object. For example, punching a cushion when angry at your partner.
- Introjection. Internalising the values or characteristics of another person, usually someone who is significant to the individual in some way. For example, adopting the ideals of a charismatic leader in order to deal with feelings of ones own inadequacy.
- Projection. The opposite of introjection. Attributing one's own emotions or desires to an external object or person. For example, saying others hate you when it is you who hates the others.
- Rationalization. Inventing a logical reason to justify an already taken emotional action. For example, striking one's child in anger and insisting it was for the good of the child.
- Reaction formation. Converting an uncomfortable feeling into its opposite. For example, turning hate into love.
- Regression. Behaviour reverting to a previous age.
- Repression. Moving thoughts unacceptable to the Ego into the unconscious, where they cannot be easily accessed.
- Sublimation. A 'healthy' form of displacement. For example, playing sports to relieve stress or anger.
- Transference.Either positive or negative - transfering feelings created by previous experiences from their source on to someone else.
- Denial. Insisting something did not occur.
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