Chaeronea was a city in the province of Boeotia in Ancient Greece.

It was the scene of an historic battle at 338 BC, in which Philip II of Macedon overcame the forces of Athens and Thebes. (See Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC).)

In 86 BC, Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla won the battle against Mithridates VI of Pontus near Chaeronea. (See Battle of Chaeronea (86 BC).)

The ancient biographer and essayist Plutarch was born there, and several times refers to these and other facts about his native place in his writings.