Caledonia is primarily a Roman Latin name for a region corresponding approximately to that part of Great Britain which is north of a line between the mouths of the Forth and the Clyde. Caledonians were called also Picts. In modern English Caledonia is used often as a poetic or romantic name for Scotland.

New Caledonia is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, belonging to France. It was also a former name for the colony on the mainland of British Columbia.

Caledonia is also the name of several places in the United States of America:

• Caledonia, Illinois
• Caledonia, Michigan
• Caledonia, Minnesota
• Caledonia, Mississippi
• Caledonia, Missouri
• Caledonia (village), New York
• Caledonia (town), New York
• Caledonia, Ohio
• Caledonia, Wisconsin
  • Caledonia, Columbia County, Wisconsin
  • Caledonia, Racine County, Wisconsin
  • Caledonia, Trempealeau County, Wisconsin
  • Caledonia, Waupaca County, Wisconsin
• Caledonia Township, Michigan
• Caledonia Township, Minnesota
• Caledonia County, Vermont

And in Canada, there exists a Caledonia, Ontario.