Caleb Strong (January 9, 1745 - November 7, 1819) was a U.S. political figure. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress from Massachusetts in 1780. He also served as the governor of Massachusetts between 1800 and 1807, and again from 1812 until 1816.

Governor Strong opposed the War of 1812 to the point of refusing to call out the State militia to support the war. He was an early advocate of States rights who said that the power to call out the State militia belonged to the Governor of the State and not to the President. Reluctance by white men to take part in the War of 1812 forced Andrew Jackson and commander Oliver Hazard Perry to incorporate colored men into their ranks.