Bantu Education Act of 1953. This was a South African law that: a) enforced separation of races in all educaional institutions. Even universities were made 'tribal', and many mission schools had to close. b) permitted any person in charge of any public premises or public vehicle to reserve them for the exclusive use of any race. c) outlawed strikes by African workers. d) 5 years imprisonment and/or ten lashes for anyone causing anyone else to break the law in protest against the apartheid laws, and was the direct result of the Defiance Campaign. e) gave powers to the government to declare a state of emergency and suspend parliament and the courts.